SECTION 1. Section 1 of Chapter 159A1/2 of the General Laws, as appearing in the 2018

 Official Edition, is hereby amended by inserting after the last paragraph:-

 “Available platform time” means the time a TNC driver is logged in to the driver platform

 and available to receive a TNC dispatched trip prior to receiving a trip request from a

 TNC. A TNC driver cannot simultaneously be engaged in available platform time,

 dispatch platform time, and/or passenger platform time for the same TNC. For trips

 involving multiple passengers picked up from different passenger pick-up locations,

 available platform time means the period of time when a TNC driver is logged in to the

 driver platform prior to receiving the first trip request from a TNC;

 “Dispatch platform time” means the time a TNC driver spends traveling from dispatch

 location to passenger pick-up location. Dispatch platform time ends when a passenger

 cancels a trip, a driver cancels a trip, or the driver begins the trip in the driver platform. A

 TNC driver cannot simultaneously be engaged in available platform time, dispatch

 platform time, and/or passenger platform time for the same TNC. For trips involving

 multiple passengers picked up from different passenger pick-up locations, dispatch

 platform time means the time a TNC driver spends travelling from the first dispatch

 location to the first passenger pick-up location;

 “Passenger platform time” means the period of time commencing when the TNC driver

 starts the trip in the driver platform until the time when the TNC driver ends the trip in the

 driver platform. For trips involving multiple passengers picked up from different

 passenger pick-up locations, passenger platform time means the period of time

 commencing when the TNC driver starts the trip in the driver platform after the first

 passenger enters the TNC driver’s vehicle until the time when the TNC driver ends the

 trip in the driver platform after the last passenger exits the TNC driver’s vehicle at the

 end of the trip. A TNC driver cannot simultaneously be engaged in available platform

 time, dispatch platform time, and/or passenger platform time for the same TNC;

 “Passenger mileage utilization rate” means the percentage of miles that TNC drivers

 drive during passenger platform time relative to the total miles TNC drivers drive during

 available platform time, dispatch platform time, and passenger platform time.

 “Passenger platform time utilization rate” means the percentage of time that TNC drivers

 spend during passenger platform time relative to the total of the time TNC drivers spend

 during available platform time, dispatch platform time, and passenger platform time.

 “Per minute rate” means the per minute equivalent of the living wage necessary for two

 working adults to support a family with two children in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton

 area as calculated by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Living Wage Calculator.

 This wage has been calculated at a rate of twenty dollars and forty one cents an hour,

 making the per minute rate equal to thirty four cents.

 “Per mile rate” means the per mile equivalent of the reasonable expenses necessary for

 a TNC driver to provide TNC services;

 “Extra large ride” means a ride that requires a vehicle with a passenger or storage

 capacity greater than four seats in addition to the driver.

 “Reasonable expenses” means (1) the per mile cost of operating a vehicle for purposes

 of providing TNC services and (2) the non-mileage expenses incurred by TNC drivers to

 provide TNC services. Reasonable expenses may include, but are not limited to:

 1. Vehicle acquisition and financing costs;

 2. Depreciation;

 3. Lease payments;

 4. Maintenance and repairs;

 5. Vehicle cleaning;

 6. Tires;

 7. Gasoline (including all taxes thereon);

 8. Oil;

 9. Vehicle insurance;

 10. License and vehicle registration fees;

 11. Cell phone and cell phone service plans;

 12. Cost of medical, dental, and vision insurance;

 13. The amount of employer-side payroll taxes that TNC drivers must pay;

 14. The amount of business taxes that TNC drivers must pay;

 15. Business license fees that TNC drivers must pay;

 16. Rest breaks; and

 17. Any other cost or information the Department of Labor Standards determines

 is necessary to further the purposes of section 13(a);

 “Rate of inflation” means 100 percent of the annual average growth rate of the

 bi-monthly Boston-Cambridge-Newton Area Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage

 Earners and Clerical Workers, termed CPI-W, for the 12-month period ending in August,

 provided that the percentage increase shall not be less than zero;

 "Compensation" means payment owed to a TNC driver by reason of providing TNC

 services.

 "Days" means calendar days.

 "Deactivation" means the blocking of a TNC driver's access to the driver platform,

 changing a TNC driver's status from eligible to provide TNC services to ineligible, or

 other material restriction in access to the driver platform that is effected by a TNC.

 "Aggrieved party" means the TNC driver or other person who suffers tangible or

 intangible harm due to the TNC's violation of section 15.

 "Driver Resolution Center" means a non-profit organization registered with the

 Massachusetts Secretary of State that contracts with the Agency to provide culturally

 competent TNC driver representation services, outreach, and education; that is affiliated

 with an organization with experience advocating for the civil and economic rights of

 drivers, contractors, and workers from disadvantaged socioeconomic groups and

 representing workers in grievance proceedings; and whose administration and/or

 formation was/is not funded, excessively influenced, or controlled by a TNC. This

 organization shall have a proven commitment to worker rights and experience in

 providing resources, programs, and services to TNC drivers, contractors, and workers

 that allow them to build sustainable economic opportunities while competing in a

 changing business environment. The Driver Resolution Center should consider

 contractual partnerships among entities to achieve the direct participation of

 organizations primarily focused on diversity and advocating for the civil and economic

 rights of workers from disadvantaged socioeconomic groups.

 "Representative" means a person who gives advice or guidance and includes, but is not

 limited to, family members, friends, licensed professionals, attorneys, advocates, and

 Driver Resolution Center advocates.

 "Respondent" means the TNC who is alleged or found to have committed a violation of

 section 15.

 “Food delivery network company'' or “FDNC", a corporation, partnership, sole

 proprietorship or other entity that uses a digital network to connect customers to drivers

 to pre-arrange and provide delivery of meals or groceries.

 ''Food delivery network driver'', a driver certified by a food delivery network company.

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 SECTION 2. Chapter 159A1/2 of the General Laws, as so appearing, is hereby amended by

 inserting after section 11 the following section:-

 Section 12: Transportation Network Company Driver Rights

 Section 12. (a) Transportation Network Company drivers and food delivery network drivers are

 entitled to the benefits and protections granted to an employee under section 148C of Chapter

 149. Transportation Network Companies are obligated to the responsibilities of an employer

 under section 148c of chapter 149. For the purpose of interpreting section 148C(d)(1) of

 Chapter 149, hours worked shall mean passenger platform time divided by passenger platform

 time utilization rate.

 (b) Transportation Network Company and food delivery network drivers drivers providing

 transportation network services or food delivery network services are entitled to the protections

 afforded to covered individuals in section 2 of chapter 175M.

 (c) Transportation Network Company drivers and food delivery network drivers are entitled to

 compensation for any transportation network services provided in excess of forty hours per

 week at a rate not less than one- and one-half times the regular per minute rate at which the

 driver is paid for said services. The per mile rate shall remain the same or greater. Hours

 worked shall mean passenger platform time divided by passenger platform time utilization rate.

 (d) Transportation Network Company drivers and food delivery network drivers are entitled to

 the protections given to employees in chapter 151B.

 (e). No TNC shall subject a TNC or FDNC driver to unwarranted deactivation, as defined by

 Department of Labor Standards’ rule. The Department of Labor Standards definition of

 unwarranted deactivation shall be based on, but not limited to, consideration of the following

 factors:

 (1) Drivers shall not be deactivated for unsubstantiated customer complaints.

 (2) Drivers shall not be deactivated for failing to accept dispatches.

 (3) Drivers shall not be deactivated on the basis of a passenger or customer rating system

 that allows for passenger or customer discriminatory practices against a protected class.

 (f) Subject to driver eligibility standards created by the Department of Labor Standards’ rule, a

 TNC or FDNC driver shall have a right to challenge all permanent deactivations and temporary

 deactivations, as defined by the Department of Labor Standards’ rule.

 (g) The TNC or FDNC driver has the right to elect between representing themselves during any

 deactivation challenge or being represented by a representative, including an advocate from the

 Driver Resolution Center. The Driver Resolution Center shall have discretion to determine

 whether to represent a TNC or FDNC driver, as defined by Department of Labor Standards’ rule.

 (h) For deactivations not described in section 12(r), the TNC or FDNC shall provide the TNC or

 FDNC driver with 14 days' notice of the impending deactivation. The notice shall include a

 written statement of the reasons for and effective date of deactivation and provide notice, in a

 form and manner designated by the Division, of the TNC or FDNC driver's right to challenge

 such deactivation under this section. The Division shall create and distribute the notice in

 English and other languages as provided by rules issued by the Division.

 (i) Upon deactivation, every TNC or FDNC shall furnish to the TNC or FDNC driver a written

 statement of the reasons for and effective date of deactivation and provide notice, in a form and

 manner designated by the Division, of the TNC or FDNC driver's right to challenge such

 deactivation under this section. The Division shall create and distribute the notice in English and

 other languages as provided by rules issued by the Department.

 (j). The TNC or FDNC driver and TNC or FDNC may, by mutual agreement, proceed to

 arbitration through the Deactivation Appeals Panel arbitration ("Panel arbitration") proceeding

 created by this action instead of proceeding under any applicable arbitration agreement

 between the TNC or FDNC driver and the TNC or FDNC ("private arbitration agreement"). In

 the absence of a private arbitration agreement between a TNC or FDNC driver and a TNC or

 FDNC, the TNC or FDNC driver shall have an absolute right to challenge the deactivation

 pursuant to this section, regardless of agreement by the TNC or FDNC.

 (k) If the TNC or FDNC driver and TNC or FDNC agree to proceed to arbitration through the

 Deactivation Appeals Panel arbitration proceeding created by this section, the TNC or FDNC

 driver and/or a representative must provide notice to the TNC or FDNC of intent to challenge

 the deactivation no later than 60 days after the deactivation.

 (l) The TNC or FDNC and the TNC or FDNC driver and/or a representative shall attempt to

 resolve the challenge informally no later than 15 days after the notice of intent to challenge has

 been provided to the TNC or FDNC, or within a time frame mutually agreed by the parties.

 (m) If the parties resolve the challenge informally pursuant to section 12(l), they must

 memorialize that resolution in a written agreement.

 (n) The TNC or FDNC driver and/or representative must provide notice of intent to arbitrate to

 the TNC or FDNC no later than 15 days after the notice of intent to challenge has been provided

 to the TNC or FDNC under this section.

 (o) If a TNC or FDNC driver demonstrates that a TNC or FDNC failed to engage in the informal

 appeals process under this section, there shall be a presumption, rebuttable by clear and

 convincing evidence, before the Deactivation Appeals Panel that the deactivation is

 unwarranted.

 (p) The Department shall establish a "Deactivation Appeals Panel" ("Panel") for purposes of

 hearing TNC or FDNC driver challenges to deactivations. The Agency shall contract with one or

 more persons or entities ("neutral arbitrator") to conduct arbitration proceedings to hear

 deactivation challenges. The neutral arbitrator shall be one member of the Panel. The remaining

 Panel members shall consist of an equal number of partisan panel members, representing the

 interests of the TNC or FDNC driver and the TNC or FDNC, respectively.

 (1). The utilization of the Panel arbitration proceeding created by this section is voluntary

 upon agreement by both parties, except as provided for under section 12(j), and shall be

 of no cost to the TNC or FDNC driver. If utilized, the Panel shall be the sole arbitration

 proceeding for challenging the deactivation.

 (2) The cost of arbitration, including any fee charged by an arbitrator, will be shared

 equally by the TNC or FDNC and the Driver Resolution Center. If the TNC driver is not

 represented by a representative of the Driver Resolution Center, the TNC or FDNC shall

 be solely responsible for the cost of arbitration.

 (3) The arbitration shall be conducted no later than 30 days after the notice of intent to

 arbitrate has been provided to the TNC or FDNC under section 12(n), within a time

 frame mutually agreed by the parties, or as ordered by the Panel.

 (4) Subject to rules issued by the Department, the Panel may conduct pre-hearing

 procedures, as well as an evidentiary hearing at which parties shall be entitled to present

 witnesses and written evidence relevant to the dispute, and to cross-examine witnesses.

 (5) The Panel's decision in any case shall be by majority vote, with each panel member

 holding one vote.

 (6) The Panel shall issue a written decision and, if appropriate, award relief. The Panel

 shall endeavor to issue the written decision within 48 hours of the evidentiary hearing.

 (7) Upon a decision concluding an unwarranted deactivation occurred, the Panel may

 order such relief as may be appropriate to remedy the violation including, without

 limitation, all remedies provided in section 12(q). Should the Panel order that the TNC or

 FDNC driver be reinstated, such order shall be limited to reinstatement to provide TNC

 or FDNC services with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

 (8) The decision of the Panel shall be final and binding upon the parties.

 (9) Nothing in this section shall be construed as restricting a TNC or FDNC driver's right

 to pursue any remedy at law or equity for an unwarranted deactivation.

 (10) The Department shall issue rules to effectuate the terms of this section including,

 but not limited to, rules regarding the definition of unwarranted deactivation, driver

 eligibility to challenge deactivations, the selection of and criteria for the neutral

 arbitrator and partisan panel members, and the number of partisan panel members.

 The Department shall further issue rules on methods to protect passenger privacy and

 address potential safety concerns during Panel arbitrations for deactivations that

 include but are not limited to allegations of egregious misconduct.

 (11) Subject to the provisions of this section and rules issued by the Department, a

 TNC or FDNC may immediately deactivate a TNC or FDNC driver if such action is

 required to comply with any applicable local, state, or federal laws or regulations or

 where a TNC or FDNC driver has engaged in egregious misconduct. The Department's

 rules shall define egregious misconduct to include, at minimum, allegations of sexual

 assault.

 (12) In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by this section, the day of

 the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall

 not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a

 Saturday, a Sunday, or a federal or state holiday, in which event the period runs until

 the end of the next day which is neither a Saturday, a Sunday, nor a federal or state

 holiday.

 (q) . The payment of unpaid compensation, liquidated damages, and interest provided under

 this section is cumulative and is not intended to be exclusive of any of the above referenced

 remedies and procedures.

 (1) Interest shall accrue from the date the unpaid compensation was first due at 12

 percent annum, or the maximum rate permitted under Massachusetts law.

 (2) When determining the amount of liquidated damages payable to aggrieved parties

 due under this section, the Panel shall consider:

 (i) The total amount of unpaid compensation, liquidated damages, and interest

 due;

 (ii)The nature and persistence of the violations;

 (iii) The extent of the respondent's culpability;

 (iv) The substantive or technical nature of the violations;

 (v) The size, revenue, and human resources capacity of the respondent;

 (vi) The circumstances of each situation;

 (vii) Other factors pursuant to rules issued by the Department of Labor

 Standards.

 (3) A respondent found to be in violation of this section shall be liable for full payment of

 unpaid compensation plus interest in favor of the aggrieved party for the period of

 deactivation under the terms of this section, and other equitable relief. The Department

 of Labor Standards shall issue rules regarding the method of calculating unpaid

 compensation. The Department of Labor Standards is authorized to designate a daily

 amount for unpaid compensation. For any violation of this section, the Panel may

 assess liquidated damages in an additional amount of up to thrice the unpaid

 compensation.

 (r) Subject to the provisions of this section and rules issued by the Department, Division, and

 Department of Labor Standards, a TNC or FDNC may immediately deactivate a TNC or FDNC

 driver if such action is required to comply with any applicable local, state, or federal laws or

 regulations or where a TNC or FDNC driver has engaged in egregious misconduct. The

 Department of Labor Standard's rules shall define egregious misconduct to include, at

 minimum, allegations of sexual assault.

 (s) Any person or class of persons that suffers financial injury as a result of a violation of this

 section may bring a civil action in a court of competent jurisdiction against the TNC or FDNC

 violating this section and, upon prevailing, may be awarded reasonable attorney fees and costs

 and such legal or equitable relief as may be appropriate to remedy the violation including,

 without limitation, the payment of any unpaid compensation plus interest due to the person and

 liquidated damages in an additional amount of up to thrice the unpaid compensation. Interest

 shall accrue from the date the unpaid compensation was first due at 12 percent per annum, or

 the maximum rate permitted under Massachusetts state law.

 (t) For purposes of section 12(s) , "person" includes any entity a member of which has suffered

 financial injury, or any other individual or entity acting on behalf of an aggrieved party that has

 suffered financial injury.

 (u) For purposes of determining membership within a class of persons entitled to bring an action

 under section 12(s) two or more TNC or FDNC drivers are similarly situated if they:

 1. Are or were contracted to perform TNC services by the same TNC, FDNC, TNCs,

 or FDNCs, whether concurrently or otherwise, at some point during the

 applicable statute of limitations period,

 2. Allege one or more violations that raise similar questions as to liability, and

 3. Seek similar forms of relief.

 (v) For purposes of section 12(s) TNC drivers shall not be considered dissimilar solely because

 their:

 1. Claims seek damages that differ in amount, or

 2. Job titles or other means of classifying TNC drivers differ in ways that are

 unrelated to their claims.

 (w) The provisions of this section are declared to be separate and severable. If any clause,

 sentence, paragraph, subdivision, section, subsection, or portion of this section or the

 application thereof to any TNC, FDNC, TNC driver, FDNC driver, or circumstance, is held to be

 invalid, it shall not affect the validity of the remainder of this section, or the validity of its

 application to other persons or circumstances.

 (x) Any TNC driver or FDNC driver has the right to maintain the same schedule and scheduling

 flexibility that the driver possessed at any time while performing labor for a TNC or FDNC. Said

 drivers shall continue to possess the right to maintain the same schedule and scheduling

 flexibility for the duration of their engagement with a TNC or FDNC.

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 SECTION 3. Chapter 159A1/2 of the General Laws, as so appearing, is hereby amended by

 inserting after section 12 the following section:-

 Section 13: Minimum TNC and FDNC Driver Compensation

 Section 13. (a) The policy of the Massachusetts General Court is to assure that Transportation

 Network Company and Food Delivery Network drivers receive a level of compensation that

 allows them to live with dignity, with consideration to the costs of living in the Commonwealth of

 Massachusetts.

 (b) For each TNC dispatched trip, a TNC shall compensate TNC drivers by providing at least the

 equivalent of: (1) the minimum per minute amount for passenger platform time under section

 13(b)(1)(i) plus the minimum per-mile amount for passenger platform time under section

 13(b)(1)(ii); or (2) the minimum per trip amount for each TNC dispatched trip under section

 13(b)(2)(iii), whichever amount is greater.

 (1) Minimum payment

 (i). Per minute amount. For each minute of passenger platform time on each trip,

 a TNC shall compensate TNC drivers at least the equivalent of the per minute

 rate divided by the passenger platform time utilization rate. Subject to the

 provisions in section 13(c), the passenger platform utilization rate is 0.492.

 (ii). Per mile amount. For each mile driven during passenger platform time on

 each trip, a TNC shall compensate TNC drivers at least the equivalent of the per

 mile rate divided by the passenger mileage utilization rate.

 Subject to the provisions in section 13(c): the per mile amount is $1.33; the per

 mile rate is $0.830; the passenger mileage utilization rate is 0.622.

 (iii). Per trip amount. For each TNC dispatched trip, a TNC shall compensate

 TNC drivers a minimum per trip amount of at least $5, plus any incentive offered

 to the driver for the trip at the time of dispatch.

 (iv). For the purposes of section 13(b)(1)(iii), “each TNC dispatched trip” includes

 but is not limited to a trip in which the TNC driver transports the passenger to the

 passenger’s desired drop-off location, a trip cancelled by a passenger or the TNC

 unless the TNC refunds the passenger cancellation fee due to driver conduct,

 and a trip where the passenger does not appear at the passenger pick-up

 location. For trips involving multiple passengers picked-up from different

 locations, the minimum per trip amount applies to the period of time commencing

 when the TNC driver starts the trip in the driver platform after the first passenger

 enters the TNC driver’s vehicle until the time when the TNC driver ends the trip in

 the driver platform after the last passenger exits the TNC driver’s vehicle at the

 end of the trip. “Each TNC dispatched trip” does not include a trip cancelled by

 the TNC driver, unless the driver is forced to cancel the trip in order to comply

 with any law or regulation.

 (v). A TNC shall pay to its TNC drivers all tips and gratuities. Tips paid to a TNC

 driver are in addition to, and may not count towards, the TNC driver’s minimum

 compensation under section 13(b).

 (vi). Incentives may count towards the TNC’s minimum compensation

 requirements under section 13(b) only for the particular trip in which the

 incentives are earned. Incentives for completing multiple trips within a given

 period must be structured so that drivers receive the proportion of the incentive

 equivalent to the proportion completed of the required trips.

 (vii) The per mile rate for luxury rides shall be two times the standard per mile

 rate. The per mile rate for extra large rides shall be one and one half times the

 standard per mile rate. The per mile rate for a ride which is both a luxury ride and

 an extra large ride shall be two and one half times the standard mile rate.

 (2). Effective January 1, 2022, the minimum per trip amount paid to a TNC driver shall be

 increased on a percentage basis to reflect the rate of inflation and calculated to the

 nearest cent on January 1 of each year thereafter. The Division shall determine the

 amount and file a schedule of such amount with the Department.

 (c). Adjustment of the per mile rate, passenger platform time utilization rate, and the passenger

 mileage utilization rate

 (1). Adjustment of the per mile rate. Beginning one year after the effective date of this

 section, and thereafter on January 1 of each year, the Department of Labor Standards

 by rule may adjust the per-mile rate. In adjusting the per-mile rate each year, the

 Department of Labor Standards shall consider the best available sources of data, which

 may include, but are not limited to: TNC driver surveys, data provided by TNCs, data

 provided by TNC drivers, data provided by passengers, data from other jurisdictions,

 data available through academic, policy, or community based organizations, and

 stakeholder interviews. The Department of Labor Standards shall base the adjustment

 on an assessment of relevant factors or costs during the 12-month period ending in

 August. Provided however, that this adjustment shall not result in reduction of the per

 mile rate below $0.830.

 (i). The Department of Labor Standards may consider the following

 non-exhaustive factors or costs: Vehicle acquisition and financing costs;

 Depreciation; Lease payments; Maintenance and repairs; Vehicle cleaning; Tires;

 Gasoline (including all taxes thereon); Oil; Vehicle Insurance; License and

 vehicle registration fees; Cell phone and cell phone plans; Cost of medical,

 dental, and vision insurance; The amount of employer-side payroll taxes that

 TNC drivers must pay; The amount of businesses taxes that TNC drivers must

 pay; Business license fees that TNC drivers must pay; Rest breaks; and Any

 other cost or information the Department of Labor Standards determines is

 necessary to further the purposes of section 13(a).

 (ii). If the Department of Labor Standards does not adjust the per-mile rate in any

 given year, the per-mile rate shall be increased on a percentage basis to reflect

 the rate of inflation and calculated to the nearest cent on January 1 of each year.

 The Department of Labor Standards shall determine the amount and file a

 schedule of such amount with the division.

 (2). Adjustment of the passenger platform time utilization rate and the passenger

 mileage utilization rate. Subject to the provisions in section 13(c)(2)(i), the Department of

 Labor Standards by rule may adjust the passenger platform time utilization rate or the

 passenger mileage utilization rate. The Department of Labor Standards shall provide

 notice to the public no less than three months before the effective date of any

 adjustment under this section 13(c)(2). The purpose of any adjustment is to reflect

 changes in the percentage of time that TNC drivers spend in passenger platform time

 relative to the total time that TNC drivers spend in available platform time, dispatch

 platform time and passenger platform time or the percentage of miles TNC drivers drive

 during passenger platform time relative to the total miles TNC drivers drive during

 available platform time, dispatch platform time, and passenger platform time. The

 Department of Labor Standards shall have discretion to determine a passenger platform

 time utilization rate or a passenger mileage utilization rate on an industry-wide basis or

 for each TNC covered by section 13.

 (i). The Department of Labor Standards shall not adjust the passenger platform

 time utilization rate or the passenger mileage utilization rate until three years after

 the effective date of section 13.

 (ii). The Department of Labor Standards may choose not to adjust the passenger

 platform time utilization rate or the passenger mileage utilization rate for any time

 period that the Department of Labor Standards determines is necessary to further

 the purposes of chapter 13(a).

 (iii). Prior to beginning any assessment period on which the Department of Labor

 Standards will base a passenger platform time utilization rate or the passenger

 mileage utilization rate adjustment, the Department of Labor Standards shall

 provide reasonable notice to the TNCs and other stakeholders of the date on

 which the assessment period begins.

 (iii). In adjusting the passenger platform time utilization rate or the passenger

 mileage utilization rate, the Department of Labor Standards may consider the

 following sources of information: The best available sources of data, which may

 include, but are not limited to: TNC driver surveys, data provided by TNCs, data

 provided by TNC drivers, data provided by passengers, data from other

 jurisdictions, data available through academic, policy, or community based

 organizations, and stakeholder interviews; Input from stakeholders on the method

 and time period for assessment or adjustment of the passenger platform time

 utilization rate or the passenger mileage utilization rate; and Any other

 information the Department of Labor Standards determines is necessary to

 further the purposes of section 13(a).

 (iv). The Department of Labor Standards shall base any adjustment to the

 passenger platform time utilization rate or passenger mileage utilization rate on

 an assessment of relevant factors during an assessment period prior to the date

 of adjustment. The assessment period for the first adjustment of the passenger

 platform time utilization rate or passenger mileage utilization rate shall be 12

 months in duration. The assessment period for any subsequent adjustment to the

 passenger platform time utilization rate or passenger mileage utilization rate shall

 be up to 12 months in duration.

 (v). The Department of Labor Standards may consider the following factors for

 the assessment: The average and median amount of available platform time,

 dispatch platform time, and passenger platform time for TNC drivers; The

 average and median mileage driven by TNC drivers during available platform

 time, dispatch platform time, and passenger platform time; The average and

 median speeds driven by TNC drivers during available platform time, dispatch

 platform time, and passenger platform time; The percentage of total trips that

 each TNC covered by this section 13 represents; The impact of the adjustment of

 the passenger platform time utilization rate or the passenger mileage utilization

 rate on TNCs, TNC passengers, and TNC drivers, including the impact on TNC

 driver earnings and work hours, the availability of TNC services, and any other

 factor the Department of Labor Standards deems relevant. And Any other

 information the Department of Labor Standards determines is necessary to

 further the purposes of section 13(a).

 (3) The Department of Labor Standards shall file a schedule of such amounts described

 in this section with the Department.

 (d). FDNC driver per minute amount, per mile amount, and per trip minimum amount, and

 requirements for gratuities and incentives, shall be equivalent to those of TNC drivers.

 (e) Nothing in this section shall be construed to discourage or prohibit a TNC from the adoption

 or retention of protections more generous than the ones required by this section.

 (f) Nothing in this section shall be construed as diminishing the obligation of a TNC to comply

 with any contract, or other agreement providing more generous protections to TNC drivers than

 required by this section.

 (g) The provisions of this section are declared to be separate and severable. If any clause,

 sentence, paragraph, subdivision, section, subsection, or portion of this section or the

 application thereof to any TNC, FDNC, TNC driver, FDNC driver, or circumstance, is held to be

 invalid, it shall not affect the validity of the remainder of this section, or the validity of its

 application to other persons or circumstances.

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 SECTION 4. Chapter 159A1/2 of the General Laws, as so appearing, is hereby amended by

 inserting after section 13 the following section:-

 Section 14: Collective Bargaining Rights For Transportation Network Company Drivers

 Section 14. (a) For the purposes of this section, the following words shall have the following

 meanings:-

 “Commencement date” means a calendar date set by the executive office of labor and

 workforce development for the purpose of initiating certain processes pursuant to Section

 6.310.735 and establishing timelines and deadlines associated with them.

 “Executive office”, the executive office of labor and workforce development

 “Exclusive driver representative”, a driver representative, certified by the executive office to be

 the sole and exclusive representative of all licensed for-hire drivers operating within the

 commonwealth for a particular transportation network company or livery vehicle service.

 “Driver representative”, an entity that can assist drivers in reaching consensus on desired terms

 of work and negotiate those terms on their behalf with transportation network companies, food

 delivery network companies, or livery vehicle service.

 “Livery vehicle service”, means any company that provides any limousine or other vehicle which

 is designed to carry fifteen or fewer passengers, including the driver, and carries passengers for

 hire, business courtesy, employee shuttle, customer shuttle, charter or other pre-arranged

 transportation, and which vehicle is not required to obtain a taxicab license pursuant to M.G.L.

 chapter 40 §22.

 “Qualifying driver,” means a for-hire driver who drives for a transportation network company,

 livery vehicle service, or food delivery network company and who satisfies the conditions

 established by the executive office with regard to the length, frequency, total number of trips, or

 average number of trips in a given time period.

 “Transportation network company”, a company that provide prearranged transportation services

 for compensation using an online enabled application or platform to connect driver using their

 personal vehicles with passengers.

 (b) The process of designating a driver representative shall be prescribed by executive office

 and shall be based on, but not limited to, consideration of the following factors:

 (1) organization bylaws that give drivers the right to be members of the organization and

 participate in the democratic control of the organization;

 (2). Is a 501(c)(3), 501(c)(4), or 501(c)5 non-profit organization, or is otherwise

 registered with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as a non-profit organization, that

 exists for the betterment of Transportation Network Company or Food Delivery Network

 Company drivers;

 (3). Has a proven record of engaging in public advocacy to promote the health and wellbeing of Transportation Network Company or Food Delivery Network Company drivers;

 (4). Has experience in and/or demonstrated commitment to assisting members in

 reaching

 consensus agreements with, or related to, employees and contractors;

 (5). Has a governing structure that promotes workers’ decision-making power; and

 (6). Is not an employer, nor employer-financed, nor an employment agency of

 Transportation Network Company or Food Delivery Network Company drivers.

 An entity wishing to be considered as a driver representative for drivers in an appropriate unit,

 as prescribed by the executive office, must submit a request to the executive office within 30

 days of the commencement date. Within 14 days of the receipt of the request, the executive

 office shall notify the applicant in writing of its determination.

 (c) Transportation network companies, food delivery network companies, or livery vehicle

 services who have hired, contracted with, or partnered with 50 or more drivers at any one time

 in the 30 days prior to the commencement date in the unit must, within 60 days of the

 commencement date, provide all driver representatives seeking to represent their drivers the

 names, addresses, email addresses, and phone numbers, of all qualifying drivers they hire,

 contract with, or partner with in the unit.

 Driver representatives shall use driver contact information for the sole purposes of contacting

 drivers to solicit their interest in being represented by the driver representative and to invite

 them to participate in the affairs of the driver representative organization. The driver

 representative shall not sell, publish, or otherwise disseminate the driver contact information.

 (d) The executive office shall certify a driver representative as the exclusive driver

 representative for all qualifying drivers contracted with a particular transportation network

 company, food delivery network company, or livery vehicle service in the unit, according to the

 following:

 (1) Within 120 days of receiving the driver contact information, a driver representative

 shall submit statements of interest to the executive office from a majority of qualifying

 drivers from the list described in subsection (c). Each statement of interest shall be

 physically or digitally signed, dated, and clearly state that the driver wants to be

 represented by the driver representative for the purpose of collective bargaining. The

 executive office shall determine the procedures for submitting and verifying statements

 of interest by drivers choosing an exclusive driver representative. The methods for

 submitting and verifying statements of interest by drivers choosing an exclusive driver

 representative may include, but not be limited to: signature verification, unique personal

 identification number verification, statistical methods, or third party verification.

 (2) Within 30 days of receiving such statements of interest, the executive office shall

 determine if they are sufficient to designate the driver representative as the exclusive

 driver representative for all qualifying drivers for that particular transportation network

 company, food delivery network company, or livery vehicle service in the unit. If more

 than one driver representative establishes that a majority of drivers have expressed

 interest in being represented by that driver representative, the executive office shall

 designate the driver representative that received the largest number of verified

 affirmative statements of interest to be the exclusive driver representative.

 (3) Within 30 days of receiving submissions from all driver representatives for a

 particular transportation network company or livery vehicle service, the executive office

 shall either certify one to be the exclusive driver representative or announce that no

 driver representative met the majority threshold for certification.

 (4) If the driver representative is unsuccessful in securing a majority of qualified drivers

 in the 120 day time period, then the executive office must hold an election open to all

 qualifying drivers to certify the driver representative within 30 days. The driver

 representative must secure affirmative votes from a majority of the election respondents

 only in order to be certified as the exclusive driver representative. The voting period must

 run for 7 days, and drivers must have the ability to access the voting portal from the

 interface used by the TNC, FDNC or livery service to communicate with and dispatch

 drivers. An announcement explaining the process for voting must be made at the start of

 the voting period using the system typically used to relay messages and announcements

 to drivers by the TNC, FDNC or livery service. The TNC, FDNC or livery service must

 remain strictly neutral during the voting process. The voting portal shall be secured using

 blockchain technology.

 (e) If no exclusive driver representative is certified for a transportation network company, food

 delivery network company, or livery vehicle service in the unit, the executive office shall

 promulgate a new commencement date that is no earlier than 180 days and no later than 360

 days from the determination that no driver representative met the majority threshold, provided

 that no transportation network company, food delivery network company, or livery vehicle

 service shall be subject to the requirements of this section more than once in any calendar year.

 The affected exclusive driver representative and transportation network company or livery

 vehicle service may repeat the processes set forth in subsections (c) and (d). If the executive

 office again fails to certify an exclusive driver representative, all driver representatives shall lose

 their certification, and the processes in subsections (c) and (d) shall end until the executive

 office establishes a new commencement date.

 (f) Upon certification of the exclusive driver representative by the executive office, and at least

 90 days before expiration of any existing agreement, the transportation network company, food

 delivery network company, or livery vehicle service and the exclusive driver representative shall

 meet and negotiate in good faith certain specified subjects, including, but not limited to, best

 practices regarding vehicle equipment standards, safe driving practices, the nature and amount

 of payments to be made by, or withheld from, the transportation network company, food delivery

 network company, or livery vehicle service to or by the drivers, minimum hours of work,

 conditions of work and applicable rules, and any other subject prescribed by the executive office

 and shall reduce their discussion to a written agreement.

 If an agreement is reached, the parties shall transmit the agreement to the executive office. The

 executive office shall have 30 days upon receipt of an agreement to determine if the agreement

 complies with this section and to notify the parties of the determination in writing. If the

 executive office finds the agreement compliant, the agreement shall be considered final and

 binding on all parties.

 If the executive office finds that the agreement fails to comply with this section, the executive

 office shall remand it to the parties with a written explanation.

 (g) If a transportation network company, food delivery network company, or livery vehicle

 service and the exclusive driver representative fail to reach an agreement within 90 days of the

 certification of the exclusive driver representative by the executive office or within 90 days after

 the expiration of an existing agreement, either party must submit to interest arbitration upon the

 request of the other party. The arbitrator may be selected by mutual agreement of the parties. If

 the parties cannot agree on an arbitrator, the superior court on application of a party shall

 appoint the arbitrator. The court shall submit to the parties a list of 5 persons experienced in

 labor arbitration from which each party may delete two names and the appointment shall be

 made from the name or names remaining. An arbitrator so appointed shall have all the powers

 of an arbitrator specifically named in the agreement.

 The arbitrator shall transmit any agreement to the executive office for review for compliance with

 the provisions of this section. The executive office shall have 30 days upon receipt of an

 agreement to determine its compliance and to notify the interest arbitrator of the determination

 in writing. If the executive office finds the agreement compliant, the agreement shall be

 considered final and binding on all parties. If the executive office finds that the agreement fails

 to comply with this section, the executive office shall remand it to the arbitrator with a written

 explanation. If either party refuses to enter interest arbitration, upon the request of the other,

 either party may pursue any available judicial remedies.

 (h) It shall be a violation for a transportation network company, food delivery network company,

 or livery vehicle service or its agent, designee, employee, or any person or group of persons

 acting directly or indirectly in the interest of the transportation network company, food delivery

 network company, or livery vehicle service in relation to the driver to interfere with, restrain, or

 deny the exercise of, or the attempt to exercise, any right protected under this section including

 but not limited to threatening, harassing, penalizing, or otherwise discriminating against a driver

 because the driver has exercised the rights protected under this section.

 It shall also be a violation for a transportation network company, food delivery network

 company, or livery service, or its agent, designee, employee, or any person or group of persons

 acting directly or indirectly in the interest of any transportation network company, food delivery

 network company, or livery service to found, organize, fund, support, assist, coordinate with,

 dominate, interfere, or otherwise become involved with any group or organization which is

 seeking to be a driver representative, to decertify a driver representative, or which otherwise

 purports to advocate for, speak on the behalf of, or represent drivers. This shall not be

 construed to apply to drivers themselves, unless acting at the direction of a TNC, FDNC or livery

 service.

 (i) An exclusive driver representative may be decertified if the executive office receives a petition

 to decertify an exclusive driver representative within 30 days of the expiration of an agreement

 reached pursuant to this section. A decertification petition must be signed by 200 or more

 drivers. The executive office shall determine the procedures for submitting the decertification

 petition.

 Once a petition has been accepted by the executive office, the executive office shall issue

 notice to the transportation network company or livery vehicle service and the exclusive driver

 representative of the decertification petition and promulgate a new commencement date. The

 transportation network company, food delivery network company, or livery vehicle service shall

 have 14 days from the commencement date to transmit the list of drivers to any petitioners.

 Within 90 days of receiving the driver contact information, petitioners for a decertification shall

 submit statements of interest from a majority of drivers represented to the executive office. The

 statements of interest shall be signed and dated and shall clearly indicate that the driver no

 longer wants to be represented by the exclusive driver representative for the purpose of

 collective bargaining with the transportation network company or livery vehicle service. The

 executive office shall determine the procedures for submitting and verifying the statements of

 interest of drivers.

 Within 30 days of receiving such statements of interest, the executive office shall determine if

 they are sufficient to decertify the exclusive driver representative for that particular

 transportation network company or livery vehicle service. The executive office shall decertify the

 exclusive driver representative or declare that the decertification petition did not meet the

 majority threshold and reaffirm that the exclusive driver representative shall continue

 representing all drivers for that particular transportation network company or livery vehicle

 service.

 If an exclusive driver representative is decertified for a particular transportation network

 company, food delivery network company, or livery vehicle service, the process of selecting a

 new exclusive driver representative may begin.

 (j) The executive office is authorized to enforce and administer this section. The executive office

 shall investigate alleged violations. The executive office shall issue a written notice of the

 violation if a violation has occurred. The notice shall:

 (1) require the person or entity in violation to comply with the requirement;

 (2) include notice that the person or entity in violation is entitled to a hearing before the

 labor relations commission to respond to the notice and introduce any evidence to refute

 or mitigate the violation;

 (3) inform the person or entity in violation that a daily penalty of up to $10,000 for every

 day the violator fails to cure the violation shall accrue if the violation is uncontested or

 found committed.

 (4) Driver representatives shall not be subject to penalties, except if found in violation of

 subsection (h).

 (5) A violation of subsection (h) shall be a criminal offense subject to imprisonment of no

 less than six months. The executive officers and board of directors of any Transportation

 Network Company which violates subsection (h) shall be liable for such an offense.

 The person or entity named on the notice of violation must file with the labor relations

 commission the request for a hearing within 10 business days after the date of the notice of

 violation. The labor relations commission may affirm, modify, or reverse the executive office’s

 notice of violation. If the person or entity named on the notice of violation fails to timely request

 a hearing, the notice of violation shall be final and the daily penalty of up to $10,000 shall accrue

 until the violation is cured.

 (k) After receipt of the decision of the labor relations commission, the aggrieved party may

 pursue any available judicial remedies. A plaintiff who prevails in any action to enforce this

 section may be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.

 (i) The process of defining a qualifying driver shall be prescribed by the executive office and

 shall be based on, but not limited to, consideration of the following factors:

 (1) Completion of at least 200 trips for the relevant Transportation Network Company or

 Food Delivery Network Company.

 (m) The provisions of this section are declared to be separate and severable. If any clause,

 sentence, paragraph, subdivision, section, subsection, or portion of this section or the

 application thereof to any TNC, FDNC, TNC driver, FDNC driver, or circumstance, is held to be

 invalid, it shall not affect the validity of the remainder of this section, or the validity of its

 application to other persons or circumstances.

 (n) This section shall remain valid so long as the National Labor Relations Board declines to

 extend coverage of the National Labor Relations Act to TNC and FDNC drivers.

 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 SECTION 5. Chapter 159A1/2 of the General Laws, as so appearing, is hereby amended by

 inserting after section 14 the following section:-

 Section 15: Driver Resolution Center Established

 (a) The Department shall contract with a Driver Resolution Center to provide driver resolution

 services. Those services shall include, but not be limited to:

 (1). Consultation and/or direct representation for TNC and FDNC drivers facing

 deactivation;

 (2). Other support for TNC and FDNC drivers to ensure compliance with applicable

 labor standards and/or to support their ability to perform TNC or FDNC services; and

 (3). Outreach and education to TNC and FDNC drivers regarding their rights under this

 chapter and other applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations.

 (b) There shall be a Driver Resolution Center Trust Fund. The director of the division shall be

 the trustee of the Fund and shall expend money to fund the Driver Resolution Center. There

 shall be credited to the Fund: (i) ten cents of any per-ride assessment collected, notwithstanding

 section 12; and (ii) any interest earned on money in the Fund. Money remaining in the fund at

 the end of a fiscal year shall not revert to the General Fund.

 (c) Food Delivery Network Companies shall be assessed a ten cent tax per delivery to fund the

 Driver Resolution Center.

 (d) The provisions of this section are declared to be separate and severable. If any clause,

 sentence, paragraph, subdivision, section, subsection, or portion of this section or the

 application thereof to any TNC, FDNC, TNC driver, FDNC driver, or circumstance, is held to be

 invalid, it shall not affect the validity of the remainder of this section, or the validity of its

 application to other persons or circumstances.

 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 SECTION 6. Section 2 of Chapter 159A1/2, as so appearing, is hereby amended by striking

 out subsection (e).

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 SECTION 7. Section 4 of Chapter 159A1/2, as so appearing, is hereby amended by inserting

 after the last paragraph:-

 (g) No Transportation Network Company shall issue transportation network driver certificates

 to new drivers until June 1st of 2023.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 SECTION 8. Chapter 159A1/2 of the General Laws, as so appearing, is hereby amended by

 inserting after section 15 the following section:-

 Section 15: Policy and Intent

 (a) The legislature finds and declares that:

 (1). Privately operated Transportation Network Companies and the drivers who work

 with them are vital parts of the transportation system of the state, and the well-being of

 the drivers who operate vehicles that enable the Transportation Network Companies, and

 the safety, reliability, and stability of the services offered by privately operated

 Transportation Network Companies are matters of statewide importance;

 (2). For these reasons, it is the public policy of the state of Massachusetts to exempt from

 federal antitrust laws, and replace from the competition requirements of those laws with

 regulations imposed by the executive office and for the executive office to have an

 ongoing supervisory role in ensuring that these regulations are implemented by

 Transportation Network Companies and their associated drivers in a way that encourages

 the safety, reliability and stability of the services offered.

 (3). Furthermore, because collective negotiations between Transportation Network

 Companies and their respective drivers, and the resulting collectively negotiated

 recommendations concerning the terms and conditions of work for drivers is likely to

 improve the regulations promulgated by the executive office, the state of Massachusetts

 will establish a process through which Transportation Network Companies and their

 drivers collectively negotiate in order to enable more stable and sustainable working

 conditions and better ensure that drivers can perform their services in a safe, reliable,

 stable, cost-effective, and economically viable manner, and thereby promote the welfare

 of the people who rely on safe and reliable transportation and delivery services to meet

 their needs;

 (4). All the provisions of this article shall be liberally construed for the accomplishment

 of these purposes. This article shall be deemed an exercise of the police power of the

 state for the protection of the public welfare, prosperity, health and peace of the people of

 the state.

 (b) No provision in this chapter shall be interpreted as to determine that transportation network

 company drivers or food delivery network company drivers are not employees under state law.

 (c) No provisions of this chapter shall be interpreted as to determine that transportation network

 company drivers or food delivery network company drivers are due less than what is otherwise

 required under Massachusetts law. In the case of a conflict between any section in this chapter

 and any section in this or other chapters, the intent of the legislature is that the section which

 grants the highest degree of compensation and rights to the drivers shall prevail.