SENATE  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  No. 2710

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts

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In the One Hundred and Ninety-Third General Court
(2023-2024)

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SECTION 1. Chapter 18C of the General Laws is hereby amended by adding the following section:-

Section 15. (a) The office of child advocate, in consultation with the attorney general, the department of elementary and secondary education, the department of youth services, the committee for public counsel services, the commission on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and questioning youth and the Massachusetts District Attorneys Association, shall develop and implement a comprehensive educational diversion program about the activity commonly known as “sexting”. The office of the child advocate shall consult with Jane Doe Inc.: The Massachusetts Coalition Against Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence and MASOC, Inc. in the development of the program. The program shall be designed to provide adolescents with information about: (i) the legal consequences of and penalties for possessing or disseminating visual material in violation of section 29D of chapter 272 and other applicable federal and state laws; (ii) the nonlegal consequences of possessing or disseminating sexual images including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities and removal and the exclusion or expulsion from school programs and extracurricular activities; (iii) how the internet may produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for possessing or disseminating sexual images online, including the health of relationships and risk of trafficking; (iv) the responsible use of generative artificial intelligence and other visual material digitization tools; and (v) the connection between adolescents’ possessing or disseminating sexual images and sexual assault, dating violence and bullying.

(b) In designing the program curriculum, the office of the child advocate shall research effective educational diversion programs, including programs in other states and programs on sexting. The child advocate shall annually review the program design and curriculum and make updates as needed to improve efficacy.

(c) The educational diversion program under this section shall be used for any diversion program required pursuant to section 54B of chapter 119; provided, however, that the district attorney or court having jurisdiction may, where appropriate, refer a delinquent child or an alleged delinquent child to the educational diversion program under this section for violations or alleged violations of other laws if the district attorney or court deems such educational diversion program may be beneficial to a delinquent child or an alleged delinquent child.

(d) Educational material from the educational diversion program shall be made available to school districts for use in educational programs on the topic of possessing or disseminating sexual images.

SECTION 2. Chapter 71 of the General Laws is hereby amended by adding the following section:-

Section 100. The department shall encourage school districts to implement instruction in age-appropriate media literacy skills at all grade levels and in any of the core subjects under section 1D of chapter 69, life skills programming or other subjects to equip students with the knowledge and skills for accessing, analyzing, evaluating and creating all types of media. The instruction shall use content from the educational diversion program developed under section 15 of chapter 18C.

SECTION 3. Chapter 119 of the General Laws is hereby amended by inserting after section 54A the following section:-

Section 54B. (a) If a child is alleged to be a delinquent child by reason of a violation of section 29B, 29C or 29D of chapter 272, the court shall, prior to arraignment, indefinitely stay arraignment and direct the child to enter into and complete the educational diversion program developed under section 15 of chapter 18C; provided, however, that the district attorney may object in writing to the stay of arraignment upon a showing that failure to proceed with the arraignment would result in the substantial likelihood of serious harm to a member of the community. If the district attorney so objects, the court shall consider the district attorney’s objection and shall make a determination on whether to direct the child to enter and complete the educational diversion program. If the court finds on its own motion or on motion by the district attorney that the child has failed to complete the educational diversion program, the court shall bring the case forward, arraign the child and restore the delinquency complaint to the docket for further proceedings; provided, however, that the judge shall first provide an opportunity for both the district attorney and counsel for the child to be heard on any such motion.

(b) If a child is alleged to be a delinquent child by reason of a violation of section 29B, 29C or 29D of chapter 272 and arraignment has already occurred, the court shall, upon consultation with counsel for the child, place the child on pretrial probation pursuant to section 87 of chapter 276. The district attorney may object in writing to pretrial probation upon a showing that failure to proceed with the prosecution would result in the substantial likelihood of serious harm to a member of the community. If the district attorney objects, the court shall consider the district attorney’s objections in its decision to place the child on pretrial probation. The conditions of such probation shall include, but not be limited to, completion of the educational diversion program developed under section 15 of chapter 18C. If the court finds on its own motion or motion of the district attorney that the child has failed to comply with the conditions of probation, the court shall restore the delinquency complaint to the docket for trial or further proceedings.

SECTION 4. Section 1 of chapter 209A of the General Laws, as appearing in the 2022 Official Edition, is hereby amended by striking out the definition of “Abuse” and inserting in place thereof the following 2 definitions:-

“Abuse”, the occurrence of any of the following acts between family or household members: (i) attempting to cause or causing physical harm; (ii) placing another in fear of imminent serious physical harm; (iii) causing another to engage involuntarily in sexual relations by force, threat or duress; or (iv) coercive control.

“Coercive control”, either:

(i) a pattern of behavior intended to threaten, intimidate, harass, isolate, control, coerce or compel compliance of a family or household member that causes that family or household member to reasonably fear physical harm or have a reduced sense of physical safety including, but not limited to: (A) isolating the family or household member from friends, relatives or other sources of support; (B) depriving the family or household member of basic needs; (C) controlling, regulating or monitoring the family or household member’s activities, communications, movements, finances, economic resources or access to services, including through technological means; (D) compelling a family or household member to abstain from or engage in a specific behavior or activity, including engaging in criminal activity; (E) threatening to harm a child or relative of the family or household member; (F) threatening to commit cruelty or abuse to an animal connected to the family or household member; (G) intentionally damaging property belonging to the family or household member; or (H) threatening to publish sexually explicit images of the family or household member; or

(ii) a single act intended to threaten, intimidate, harass, isolate, control, coerce or compel compliance of a family or household member that causes the family or household member to reasonably fear physical harm or have a reduced sense of physical safety including, but not limited to: (A) harming a child or relative of the family or household member; (B) committing abuse to an animal connected to the family or household member; or (C) publishing sexually explicit images of the family or household member; provided, however, “coercive control” shall not include isolated conduct undertaken by an individual to protect themselves or their children from the risk of present or future harm.

SECTION 5. Section 1 of chapter 258E of the General Laws, as so appearing, is hereby amended by striking out the definitions of “Harassment” and “Court” and inserting in place thereof the following 3 definitions:-

“Coercive control”, either:

(i) a pattern of behavior intended to threaten, intimidate, harass, isolate, control, coerce or compel compliance of a person that causes that person to reasonably fear physical harm or have a reduced sense of physical safety including, but not limited to: (A) isolating the person from friends, relatives or other sources of support; (B) depriving the person of basic needs; (C)  controlling, regulating or monitoring the person’s activities, communications, movements, finances, economic resources or access to services, including through technological means; (D) compelling the person to abstain from or engage in a specific behavior or activity, including engaging in criminal activity; (E) threatening to harm a child or relative of the person; (F) threatening to commit cruelty or abuse to an animal connected to the person; (G) intentionally damaging property belonging to the person; or (H) threatening to publish sexually explicit images of the person; or

(ii) a single act intended to threaten, intimidate, harass, isolate, control, coerce or compel compliance of a person that causes the person to reasonably fear physical harm or have a reduced sense of physical safety including, but not limited to: (A) harming a child or relative of the person; (B) committing abuse to an animal connected to the person; or (C) publishing sexually explicit images of the person; provided, however, that “coercive control” shall not include isolated conduct undertaken by an individual to protect themselves or their children from the risk of present or future harm.

“Court”, the district court or Boston municipal court, the superior court or the juvenile court departments of the trial court.

“Harassment”, (i) 3 or more acts of willful and malicious conduct aimed at a specific person committed with the intent to cause fear, intimidation, abuse or damage to property and that does in fact cause fear, intimidation, abuse or damage to property; (ii) coercive control; or (iii) an act that: (A) by force, threat or duress causes another to involuntarily engage in sexual relations; or (B) constitutes a violation of section 13B, 13F, 13H, 22, 22A, 23, 24, 24B, 26C, 43 or 43A of chapter 265 or section 3 of chapter 272.

SECTION 6. Section 43A of chapter 265 of the General Laws, as so appearing, is hereby amended by striking out, in line 7, the figure “$1,000” and inserting in place thereof the following figure:- $5,000.

SECTION 7. Said section 43A of said chapter 265, as so appearing, is hereby further amended by striking out subsection (b) and inserting in place thereof the following 2 subsections:-

(b)(1) As used in this subsection, the following words shall have the following meanings unless the context clearly requires otherwise:

“Digitization”, the creation or alteration of visual material including, but not limited to, through the use of computer-generated images, in a manner that would falsely appear to a reasonable person to be an authentic representation of the person depicted.

“Distribute”, give, sell, transfer, disseminate, publish, upload, circulate, broadcast or engage in any other form of transmission, electronic or otherwise.

“Identifiable”, recognizable from the visual material itself or from information offered in connection with the visual material.

“Partially nude”, the exposure of fully uncovered buttocks or all or part of the human genitals or the female nipple-areolar complex.

“Publish”, (i) disseminate an image with the intent that it be made available by any means to any person or other legal entity; (ii) disseminate an image with the intent that it be sold by another person or legal entity; (iii) post, present, display, exhibit, circulate, advertise or allow access to an image by any means so as to make such image available to the public; or (iv) disseminate an image with the intent that it be posted, presented, displayed, exhibited, circulated, advertised or made accessible by any means to make such image available to the public.

“Visual material”, a photograph, film, video or digital image or recording whether produced by electronic, mechanical or other means or any part, representation or reproduction thereof.

(2) Whoever knowingly distributes visual material, including visual material produced by digitization, depicting another person, who is either identifiable in the visual material or identified by the distributing person, who is nude, partially nude or engaged in sexual conduct and to whom  the distribution causes physical or economic injury or substantial emotional distress and distributes such visual material: (i) with the intent to harm, harass, intimidate, threaten, coerce or cause substantial emotional distress; and (ii) with reckless disregard for the depicted person’s lack of consent to the distribution of such visual material, including material produced by digitization, and for the depicted person’s reasonable expectation that the visual material would remain private, shall be guilty of the criminal harassment and shall be punished by imprisonment in a house of correction for not more than 2½ years, by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by both such fine and imprisonment. Nothing in this section shall preclude a prosecution under section 29C of chapter 272.

(3) For the purposes of this subsection, consent to the creation of visual material shall not constitute consent to the distribution of the visual material.

(4) This subsection shall not preclude other remedies available at law or in equity including, but not limited to, the issuance by a court of competent jurisdiction of appropriate orders to restrain or prevent the distribution of visual material in violation of this subsection.

(5) Visual material that is part of any court record arising from a prosecution under this subsection shall not be open to public inspection and, unless otherwise ordered in writing by the court, shall only be made available for inspection by court personnel to a district attorney, a defendant’s attorney and a defendant or a victim connected to such prosecution; provided, however, that this paragraph shall not prohibit disclosure, inspection or other use of the visual material in the underlying prosecution or any related court proceeding in accordance with applicable evidentiary and procedural rules or a court order.

(6) This subsection shall not apply to: (i) visual material involving nudity, partial nudity or sexual conduct that is voluntary or consensual and occurring: (A) in a commercial setting; or (B) in a place where a person does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy; (ii) distribution made in the public interest, including the reporting of unlawful conduct; (iii) lawful and common practices of law enforcement, criminal reporting, corrections, legal proceedings or medical treatment, including telemedicine; (iv) distribution of visual material that constitutes parody, satire or commentary on a matter of public concern; (v) interactive computer services as defined in 47 U.S.C. 230(f)(2) for content solely provided by another person; or (vi) information services or telecommunications services as defined in 47 U.S.C. 153 for content solely provided by another person.

(c) Whoever, after having been convicted of an offense under this section, commits a second or subsequent offense or whoever commits an offense under this section after having previously been convicted of a violation of section 43, shall be punished by imprisonment in a house of correction for not more than 2½ years or in a state prison for not more than 10 years, by a fine of not more than $15,000 or by both such fine and imprisonment.

SECTION 8. Chapter 272 of the General Laws is hereby amended by inserting after section 29C the following section:-

Section 29D. (a) Whoever, while under the age of criminal majority, possesses, purchases or disseminates to another person any visual material in violation of section 29B or 29C or knowingly uploads any such visual material of another person to an internet website may be punished in accordance with section 58 of chapter 119.

(b) For the purposes of this section, knowingly disseminating visual material by: (i) reporting the matter to a law enforcement agency, to the department of elementary and secondary education, to a parent, foster parent or guardian or to a teacher, principal or other relevant school personnel; or (ii) affording a law enforcement agency, the department of elementary and secondary education, a parent, foster parent or guardian or a teacher, principal or other relevant school personnel access to the visual material for purposes within the agency’s, department’s or person’s role or such person’s professional capacity shall not constitute dissemination in violation of this section.

(c) A person who has been adjudicated under this section shall not be required to register with the sex offender registry board and no data relating to such adjudication shall be transmitted to the board pursuant to section 178E of chapter 6. A person who has been adjudicated under this section shall not be subject to section 100J of chapter 276 and shall be eligible for expungement of any criminal records of such adjudication.

(d) The juvenile court department shall have exclusive jurisdiction of proceedings under this section.

(e) It shall be an affirmative defense for any crime alleged to have been committed by a juvenile under section 29A, 29B, 29C or this section that: (i) the visual material portrays no person other than the juvenile; or (ii)(A) the juvenile was under 18 years of age at the time of the alleged offense; (B) the visual material portrays only an individual age 16 or older; (C) the visual material was knowingly and voluntarily created and provided to the juvenile by the individual in the image; and (D) the juvenile has not provided or made available the material to another person except the individual depicted who originally sent the material to the juvenile.

(f) Nothing in this section shall prohibit a prosecution for disorderly conduct, public indecency, child pornography or any other applicable provision of law.

SECTION 9. The Massachusetts District Attorneys Association shall work with the 11 district attorneys’ offices to prepare and submit an annual report on its actions under section 29D of chapter 272 of the General Laws to the clerks of the senate and house of representatives not later than February 15. The association shall provide the district attorneys’ offices with an agreed-upon template to prepare the report that shall include, but

not be limited to: (i) the number of cases where the alleged offender was directed to enter into the educational diversion program developed under section 15 of chapter 18C of the General Laws for an alleged violation of section 29D of chapter 272 of the General Laws; (ii) the number of arraignments conducted for an alleged violation of said section 29D of said chapter 272; (iii) to the extent feasible, the age and sex of the person that was diverted or arraigned for alleged violations of said section 29D of said chapter 272; and (iv) any other information which the association deems relevant and necessary within the scope of the report.

SECTION 10. (a) There shall be a special commission to examine and investigate the potential impacts and legal implications of advanced technology and the internet on protecting individuals from harm, abuse and exploitation.

(b) The commission shall consist of: the attorney general or a designee, who shall serve as chair; the chairs of the joint committee on the judiciary or their designees; the chairs of the joint committee on advanced information technology, the internet and cybersecurity or their designees; the minority leader of the senate or a designee; the minority leader of the house of representatives or a designee; the secretary of public safety and security or a designee; the secretary of technology services and security or a designee; the chief justice of the trial court or a designee; the chief counsel of the committee for public counsel services or a designee; the executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts, Inc. or a designee; the executive director of Jane Doe, Inc.: The Massachusetts Coalition Against Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence or a designee; the executive director of MASOC, Inc. or a designee; the executive director of the Massachusetts Chiefs of Police Association Incorporated or a designee; and a member of the Massachusetts District Attorneys’ Association.

(c) The commission shall examine and investigate the potential impacts and legal implications of advanced technology and the internet on protecting individuals from harm, abuse and exploitation including, but not limited to, issues regarding: (i) the false impersonation of an individual by the use of the individual’s name, likeness or photographs, pretending to be the individual or occupying the individual’s position, whether through in-person interactions or by internet or electronic communications, without the express authorization of that person and using such impersonation with intent to obtain a benefit, to injure or defraud another or to harass or embarrass the person being impersonated; (ii) the creation or distribution of a video of a person in which such person’s face or body has been digitally altered to appear to be someone else with the intention of spreading malicious or false information; (iii) the exchange of written sexually-obscene private conversations, content or screenshots between adults in which the corresponding individuals are identifiable; and (iv) the existence, status or necessity of a reasonable expectation of privacy relative to text messages sent to another person’s cell phone.

(d) The commission shall file an interim report with the joint committee on judiciary, the joint committee on advanced information technology, the internet and cybersecurity and the senate and house committees on ways and means not later than December 31, 2024. The commission shall file its final report and recommendations, together with drafts of legislation necessary to carry such recommendations into effect, by filing the same with the joint committee on judiciary, the joint committee on advanced information technology, the internet and cybersecurity and the senate and house committees on ways and means not later than July 31, 2025.